Comparison of intrapelvic pressures during flexible ureteroscopy, mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy, standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in a kidney model.

To compare intrapelvic pressure (IPP) levels achieved during f-URS, mini-PCNL, standard PCNL, and endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in a kidney model.

A silicone model simulating the complete urinary tract was used for all the experiments.