We aimed to review the trends and incidence of surgical intervention for adults with upper urinary tract stones in Ontario, Canada, and to hypothesize potential causes for the observed changes.
We carried out a retrospective, population-based cohort study using administrative databases held at the Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences (IC/ES) to identify all adults (≥18 years) who underwent surgical treatment for urolithiasis, defined by records using a combination of both hospital and physician billing from 2002-2019.