p53 and p16ink4a As Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers for Nodal metastasis and Survival in A Contemporary Cohort of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is implicated in a proportion of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (PC). A subset of PC involves dysregulation of the p53 pathway. HPV in situ hybridization (ISH) and p16ink4a positivity are surrogate markers for HPV infection, and p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) denotes abnormality in the p53 pathway.