Introduction Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) has replaced open surgery for the treatment of kidney stones due to its less invasive nature. Bleeding still occurs due to renal vascular injuries, dependent upon the access route of the procedure.
Introduction Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) has replaced open surgery for the treatment of kidney stones due to its less invasive nature. Bleeding still occurs due to renal vascular injuries, dependent upon the access route of the procedure.