(UroToday.com) In this session, Dr. Andrea Apolo reviewed the rationale behind combination therapies for management in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Over the past 15 years, treatment for advanced RCC has focused on anti-VEGF molecules based on knowledge of the complex signaling interplay between VHL, hypoxia-inducible factors, and VEGF. More recently, it has become clear that tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) used to target VEGF signaling can also modulate tumor immunity, leading to several phase 3 clinical trials proving the efficacy of combined TKI and immunotherapy for first-line therapy in advanced disease.