(UroToday.com) Most patients newly diagnosed with bladder cancer have non-muscle invasive disease (NMIBC). For patients with intermediate or high-risk NMIBC and those with carcinoma in situ (CIS), adjuvant treatment with BCG is guideline-recommended on the basis of proven benefits in disease recurrence. In contrast, for those with low-grade intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (LG IR NMIBC), the standard of care is transurethral resection under general anesthesia. However, LG IR NMIBC is a highly recurrent malignancy, and patients often endure repeated surgeries that may be associated with significant postoperative and long-term morbidity.