(UroToday.com) The European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) 2021 annual meeting’s non-prostate cancer mini-oral session included a presentation by Dr. Lisa Derosa discussing results of the phase 2 GETUG-AFU 26 NIVOREN trial and the impact of antibiotic therapy on outcomes. Previous studies have examined the impact of antibiotics on immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy across a wide range of tumors, including genitourinary neoplasms. Perturbation of the gut microbiota has been indicated as a putative mechanism to explain this influence. Recently, Dr. Derosa and colleagues published a meta-analysis of 38 studies and 11,959 patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors showing that antibiotic therapy 60 days prior to or 42 days after the first administration of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or anti-CTLA-4 therapy significantly reduced outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.1 At the ESMO 2021 congress, Dr. Derosa and colleagues presented the results of their study assessing the impact of antibiotics in refractory metastatic RCC patients.