(UroToday.com) In the Latin America ASTRO session of the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) Annual Congress, Dr. Berlin presented on controversies in the management of patients with Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). He began by highlighting that this is an exciting topic, over the last 10 to 15 years. Previously, he highlighted a self-perpetuating issue of limited research funding leading to a poor understanding of disease biology, an absence of novel therapeutic approaches, and a lack of public awareness and engagement which would in turn feed limited research funding. However, more recently, there was been substantial progress in this disease space ranging from neoadjuvant therapy (including single-agent immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations, and combination chemo-immunotherapy), adjuvant systemic therapy, and advances in bladder sparing treatment approaches.