(UroToday.com) A urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as microbial infiltration of the normally sterile urinary tract. But there are no accepted definitions of UTI-associated symptoms, cut-offs for culture result, or definitively accepted uropathogens that can guide clinicians in the objective management of a UTI. Urine is no longer considered sterile as microbes reside within the urinary tract even in healthy immunocompromised individuals and in those without urinary symptoms. These are called urinary tract microbiomes. There has been a rapid expansion of the human microbiome –diverse, carefully balanced, well-adapted, and beneficial to the body. Dysbiosis is microbial imbalance or maladaptation on or inside the body and is implicated in many diseases. In the genito-urinary tract, dysbiosis can cause the breakdown of epithelial barrier promoting increased vascularity, tissue infiltration of leukocytes, and if unchecked can lead to muscular, neuronal, and immune system dysfunction. Alterations in the gut, vagina, and urinary microbiota have been previously associated with a range of GU pathology (eg. Bladder cancer, BPH, IC, OAB).