(UroToday.com) Dr. Mohammad Abufaraj from Jordan University Hospital discussed neoadjuvant chemotherapy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma at the joint session of the European Association of Urology (EAU) and the Arab Association of Urology. Dr. Abufaraj started by highlighting that urothelial carcinoma is the 5th most frequent cancer diagnosed in the United States, with upper tract urothelial carcinoma accounting for only 5-10% of cases. Approximately 60% of upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients present with muscle-invasive disease at the time of diagnosis and ~7% harbor distant metastasis. Radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision is the standard treatment of high-risk non-metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma, however, 1/3 of patients experience disease recurrence and over 80% succumb to their disease. Although it would seem reasonable to equate bladder and upper tract urothelial carcinoma, they are distinct diseases, with practical, anatomical, and molecular differences that warrant consideration in clinical decision-making: