Non obstructive azoospermia, (NOA) is the most common cause of azoospermia. NOA is characterised by hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism, testicular failure, and impaired spermatogenesis. The recent development of surgical sperm retrieval techniques such as microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) has, for the first time, allowed some men with NOA to father biological children.