(UroToday.com) The Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group (ANZUP) trial update at the 2020 ANZUP Mini Annual Scientific Meeting (ASM) featured a discussion from Dr. Craig Gedye regarding renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Dr. Gedye notes that immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma has a long history, starting with cytokine immunotherapy many decades ago. Since then, there has been the advent of various VEGF TKIs, with generally similar results, followed by immune checkpoint immunotherapy, and more recently checkpoint immunotherapy plus VEGF TKIs. The question is how we combine these various therapeutics, with the following figure demonstrating the current landscape: